Hydrosilylation of Alkynes Under Continuous Flow Using Polyurethane-Based Monolithic Supports with Tailored Mesoporosity

Non-porous polyurethane-based monoliths are prepared under solvent-induced phase separation conditions. They possess low specific surface areas of 0.15 m(2) g(-1), pore volumes of 1 mu L g(-1), and a non-permanent, solvent-induced microporosity with pore dimensions <= 1 nm. Mesoporosity can be introduced by varying the monomers and solvents. A tuning of the average solubility parameter of the solvent mixture by increasing the macroporogen content results in a decrease in the volume fraction of micropores from 70% to 40% and an increase in the volume fraction of pores in the range of 1.7-9.6 nm from 22% to 41% with only minor changes in the volume fraction of larger mesopores in the range of 9.6-50 nm. The polymeric monoliths are functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups, which allowed for the immobilization of an ionic liquid that contained the ionic Rh-catalyst [1-(pyrid-2-yl)-3-mesityl)-imidazol-2-ylidene))(eta(4)-1,5-cyclooctadiene)Rh(I) tetrafluoroborate]. The supported catalyst is used in the hydrosilylation of 1-alkynes with dimethylphenylsilane under continuous flow using methyl-tert-butyl ether as second liquid transport phase. E/Z-selectivity in hydrosilylation is compared to the one of the analogous biphasic reactions. The strong increase in Z-selectivity is attributed to a confinement effect provided by the small mesopores.

Automated summary

Non-porous polyurethane-based monoliths with low specific surface areas and pore volumes are prepared under solvent-induced phase separation conditions. Mesoporosity can be introduced by varying the monomers and solvents. The monoliths are functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups and used to immobilize an ionic liquid containing an ionic Rh-catalyst for hydrosilylation reactions. The confined small mesopores contribute to the significant increase in Z-selectivity.