High-Resolution Ultrasound of Facial Muscles Sonoanatomy, Scanning Technique, and Pathological Cases

The aim of the present work is to review the sonographic appearance of facial muscles with high-frequency transducers and to illustrate a step-by-step scanning technique that enables an effective evaluation of them. In addition, we highlighted the clinical application showing some pathological cases demonstrated with ultrasound (US). The recent technological advances have greatly enlarged the potential of high-resolution US in the evaluation of the face. Furthermore, the clinical indications of this technique are expected to increase in the near future.

Automated summary

The aim of this study is to review the sonographic appearance of facial muscles using high-frequency transducers and to demonstrate a step-by-step scanning technique for effective evaluation. Additionally, it showcases the clinical application of ultrasound in diagnosing pathological cases. Recent technological advancements have greatly enhanced the potential of high-resolution ultrasound in facial evaluation, with an expected increase in future clinical indications.