Evaluating the Response of Diurnal Variations in Surface and Air Temperature to Evaporative Conditions across Vegetation Types in FLUXNET and ERA5

The diurnal variations of surface and air temperature are closely related, but their different responses to evaporative conditions can inform us about land-atmosphere interactions. Here, we evaluate the responses of the diurnal ranges in surface (Delta T-s) and air (Delta T-a) temperature to evaporative fraction at 160 FLUXNET sites and in the ERA5 reanalysis. We show that the sensitivity of Delta T-s to evaporative fraction depends on vegetation type, whereas Delta T-a does not. On days with low evaporative fraction, Delta T-s in FLUXNET is enhanced by up to similar to 20 K (similar to 30 K in ERA5) in short vegetation, but only by up to similar to 10 K (similar to 10 K in ERA5) in forests. Note that Delta T-a responds rather similarly to evaporative fraction irrespective of vegetation type (similar to 5 K in FLUXNET, similar to 10 K in ERA5). We find a systematic bias in ERA5's Delta T response to evaporative conditions, showing a stronger sensitivity to evaporative fraction than in FLUXNET. We then demonstrate with a simple atmospheric boundary layer (SABL) model that the weak response of Delta T-a to evaporative fraction can be explained by greater boundary layer growth under dry conditions, which increases the heat storage capacity and reduces the response of air temperature to evaporative fraction. Additionally, using a simplified surface energy balance (SSEB) model we show that Delta T-s mainly responds to solar radiation, evaporative fraction, and aerodynamic conductance. We conclude that the dominant patterns of diurnal temperature variations can be explained by fundamental physical concepts, which should help us to better understand the main controls of land-atmosphere interactions. Significance StatementGenerally, air temperature is used more widely than the surface temperature, and often they are assumed to be equivalent. However, we show that their responses to changes in vegetation type and evaporative conditions are quite different. Using FLUXNET observations, ERA5 reanalysis, and two simple physical models, we found that these responses are much stronger in surface temperature, especially in short vegetation, and relatively weaker in air temperature. Despite being measured just 2 m above the surface, air temperature carries lesser imprints of evaporation and vegetation than the surface temperature because of boundary layer dynamics. These findings suggest the importance of coupled land-atmosphere processes in shaping surface and air temperature differently and provide insights on their distinctive responses to global changes.

Automated summary

The responses of surface and air temperature to evaporative conditions differ significantly, with surface temperature being more sensitive to vegetation type and air temperature being influenced by boundary layer dynamics.