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Summary: As the fourth wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic spreads globally, there is an urgent need to identify safe and effective treatment and prevention strategies. Significant progress has been made in using anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. The National Institutes of Health, in collaboration with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, organized a virtual summit to summarize existing knowledge on anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and address key unanswered scientific questions to accelerate clinical development and implementation of antibodies.
ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
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Charan Thej Reddy Vegivinti et al.
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BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES
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Summary: This study found that early initiation of dexamethasone in hospitalized COVID-19 patients without intensive respiratory support (IRS) was not associated with a reduction in mortality and may have potential harm.
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Virology
Yusha Araf et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is a heavily mutated virus with a high risk of infection. Limited information is available regarding the genomics, transmissibility, and effectiveness of vaccines against this variant, emphasizing the need for further investigation.
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Infectious Diseases
Wesley H. Self et al.
Summary: This study assessed the efficacy and safety of two neutralising monoclonal antibody therapies for adults hospitalised with COVID-19. The results showed that neither of the therapies showed significant improvement in clinical outcomes among COVID-19 patients.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
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A. Jayk Bernal et al.
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NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Jennifer Hammond et al.
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R. L. Gottlieb et al.
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NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Cell Biology
Yueh-Ming Loo et al.
Summary: AZD7442, a combination of two monoclonal antibodies, has the potential to prevent and treat COVID-19 by neutralizing the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It has shown encouraging results in preventing infection and accelerating virus clearance in animal models. The ongoing phase 1 study has also demonstrated its ability to provide long-lasting protection in healthy participants. This research is significant in providing additional options for COVID-19 prevention and treatment.
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Fariba Pourkarim et al.
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Yvette N. Lamb
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Philip C. Robinson et al.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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Xiaofei Wang et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates an antibody that efficiently neutralizes both SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, providing insights for the development of universal vaccines.
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Takehiro Izumo et al.
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Microbiology
Ben Hu et al.
Summary: This review summarizes the research progress on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, including virology characteristics, pathogenesis, and recent advances in treatment methods. Furthermore, it discusses in detail the potential wildlife hosts and zoonotic origin of this emerging virus.
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Ting-Fu Chen et al.
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Robert L. Gottlieb et al.
Summary: The study showed that treatment with bamlanivimab and etesevimab was significantly associated with a reduction in SARS-CoV-2 viral load at day 11 in nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19, compared to placebo. However, bamlanivimab monotherapy did not show a significant reduction in viral load. Ongoing clinical trials will focus on assessing the clinical benefits of antispike neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 patients.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
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Summary: The authors of the study reported the interim results of using four repurposed antiviral drugs (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and interferon beta-1a) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The study showed that these drug regimens had little or no effect on overall mortality, initiation of ventilation, and duration of hospital stay.
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A. C. Kalil et al.
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Medicine, General & Internal
Summary: In a platform trial involving patients hospitalized with Covid-19, among 314 patients who were also being treated with remdesivir, those who received the monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 did not have better pulmonary function at day 5 than those who received placebo. The trial was stopped for futility.
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Carlos Salama et al.
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Peter Chen et al.
Summary: LY-CoV555, a neutralizing antibody, showed promising results in reducing viral load, improving symptoms, and lowering the risk of hospitalization among patients with mild or moderate Covid-19. While one of the doses appeared to accelerate the decline in viral load, others did not show significant effects by day 11.
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Marie W. Munch et al.
Summary: In patients with COVID-19 and severe hypoxemia, the use of 12 mg/d of dexamethasone compared to 6 mg/d did not lead to a statistically significant difference in the number of days alive without life support at 28 days. The study may have lacked the power to detect a significant effect.
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D. M. Weinreich et al.
Summary: REGEN-COV reduced the risk of Covid-19-related hospitalization or death, resolved symptoms, and reduced the SARS-CoV-2 viral load more rapidly than the placebo.
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Anil Gupta et al.
Summary: In this study, among nonhospitalized patients with symptomatic Covid-19, sotrovimab treatment significantly reduced the risk of disease progression leading to hospitalization or death compared to placebo. Patients receiving sotrovimab also had a lower rate of serious adverse events.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Eric J. Rubin et al.
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I. O. Rosas et al.
Summary: In this randomized trial involving hospitalized patients with severe Covid-19 pneumonia, the use of tocilizumab did not result in significantly better clinical status or lower mortality than placebo at 28 days.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Anthony C. Gordon et al.
Summary: Interleukin-6 receptor antagonists tocilizumab and sarilumab were found to improve outcomes, including survival, in critically ill patients with Covid-19 receiving organ support in ICUs according to an ongoing international trial. The efficacy of these treatments has been confirmed, with patients benefiting from the therapy.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Luis Corral-Gudino et al.
Summary: This study aimed to investigate whether methylprednisolone improves outcomes in severe COVID-19 patients. Results showed that patients on methylprednisolone had a significantly lower risk of experiencing the composite endpoint in the per protocol analysis. However, the planned sample size was not achieved, cautioning interpretation of the results.
WIENER KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Luca Menestrina et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought a significant public health issue that requires various means, including drugs, to combat it; the development of the COVIDrugNet tool presents a comprehensive view of clinical drug trials; analyzing the COVID-19 drug-target system using COVIDrugNet can help improve the search for more effective therapies.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
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Infectious Diseases
Keivan Ranjbar et al.
Summary: The study demonstrated that methylprednisolone was more effective than dexamethasone in hospitalized hypoxic COVID-19 patients, with better clinical status, shorter hospital stay, and lower need for a ventilator in the intervention group.
BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES
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Obbina Abani et al.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Eunyoung Emily Lee et al.
Summary: The study identified three distinct patterns of inflammatory immune response to COVID-19, with hyper-inflammatory immune responses associated with severe disease and worse outcomes. Targeting the hyper-inflammatory response may improve the clinical outcome of COVID-19.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Miao Mei et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that has caused the global COVID-19 pandemic, with no effective antiviral drugs currently available, leading to the urgent need for research and development of new treatment strategies.
FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Edyta Janik et al.
Summary: COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, for which finding effective drugs remains a urgent target for the global scientific community. The pathogenesis is mainly related to virus replication and excessive immune/inflammatory response. Treatment options include antiviral and immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory agents.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
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Florian Kabinger et al.
Summary: Molnupiravir is an oral antiviral drug candidate that increases viral RNA mutations frequency and inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2 by altering the substrate preference of RdRp. This two-step mutagenesis mechanism can explain the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of molnupiravir, making it a promising COVID-19 treatment option.
NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
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M. Dougan et al.
Summary: In this phase 3 trial, the combination of bamlanivimab plus etesevimab was found to reduce the incidence of Covid-19-related hospitalization and death among high-risk ambulatory patients compared to placebo, and also accelerated the decline in SARS-CoV-2 viral load.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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M. P. O'Brien et al.
Summary: The study indicates that subcutaneous REGEN-COV can effectively prevent severe Covid-19 and reduce the duration of symptoms in individuals at high risk for infection due to household exposure to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Frederick K. Korley et al.
Summary: This study showed that administering Covid-19 convalescent plasma to high-risk outpatients within 1 week after symptom onset did not prevent disease progression.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Miguel Alejandro Pinzon et al.
Summary: The study compared the clinical outcomes and laboratory results of hospitalized patients with severe SARS-CoV2 pneumonia treated with 6 mg dexamethasone versus high-dose methylprednisolone. The high-dose methylprednisolone treatment significantly decreased recovery time, need for ICU transfer, and levels of inflammatory markers CRP, D-dimer, and LDH compared to 6 mg dexamethasone treatment. Randomized controlled trials are needed to further confirm the effectiveness of methylprednisolone in COVID-19 treatment.
Article
Critical Care Medicine
Vincent C. Marconi et al.
Summary: Although there was no significant reduction in the frequency of disease progression overall, treatment with baricitinib in addition to standard of care (including dexamethasone) had a similar safety profile to that of standard care alone, and was associated with reduced mortality in hospitalised adults with COVID-19.
LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Farnaz Farshidfar et al.
Summary: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has led to a global pandemic with a high impact on public health. Apart from lung involvement, COVID-19 also affects the cardiovascular system, with preexisting cardiovascular disease increasing mortality in patients with the virus. Potential mechanisms for cardiovascular complications include direct viral infection and cytokine storm-induced myocarditis.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Renuka Raman et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, with its variants posing challenges to containment efforts. Individuals with dysregulated immune response and comorbidities are more susceptible to infection, and research on various vaccines and treatments is ongoing to address this challenge.
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Lauren Forchette et al.
Summary: This review article examines the immunological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 virus and vaccines, discusses key variants and mutations driving the current pandemic, and explores new technologies being developed for prevention, treatment, and detection of the virus. It provides crucial information on virology, vaccines, drugs, and variant strains, aiming to benefit healthcare professionals and researchers in understanding and managing COVID-19 during the pandemic.
CURRENT MEDICAL SCIENCE
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Immunology
Alessio Mazzoni et al.
Summary: This review rationalizes and organizes the key observations of immunity in COVID-19, identifying six main features including dysregulated type I IFN activity, hyperinflammation, and others. These features predispose individuals to severe illness, with dysregulation and exhaustion serving as common traits connecting abnormalities in innate and adaptive immunity.
SEMINARS IN IMMUNOLOGY
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Shayan Shiehzadegan et al.
Summary: The Delta variant, known as B.1.617.2, is 60% more transmissible than the alpha variant and has become the dominant strain globally. Vaccine companies like AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech, and Moderna have reported slightly reduced efficacy in protecting against this variant.
CLINICS AND PRACTICE
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Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Prasan Kumar Panda et al.
Summary: The study evaluated the therapeutic potential of combination antiviral therapies for mild-severe COVID-19 patients. Results showed no statistical superiority of the antiviral combination therapies to standard therapy in symptomatic adult patients, but hydroxychloroquine+ribavirin therapy demonstrated better recovery in severe cases.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS
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Immunology
John S. Tregoning et al.
Summary: The development and rollout of vaccines have brought hope for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, with vaccines proving highly effective in preventing disease. However, challenges remain in ensuring equitable access to vaccines globally, as well as lessons to be learned for controlling pandemics in the future.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
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Review
Infectious Diseases
Adekunle Sanyaolu et al.
Summary: The coronavirus, originating in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has caused severe respiratory infections worldwide. The rapid spread of the disease led to a global lockdown in 2020, with new strains emerging in countries like the United Kingdom, South Africa, Brazil, and India, some of which are more infectious.
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Immunology
Peter C. Taylor et al.
Summary: The study discusses the clinical utility of neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapies targeting SARS-CoV-2, emphasizing the importance of patient stratification, biomarkers, risk factors, and other clinical considerations.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
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Dmitry Tworowski et al.
Summary: The recent outbreak of COVID-19 has generated a large amount of Big Data, which researchers analyze to provide new opportunities for the successful application of currently approved therapeutics and their combinations for conditions caused by a novel SARSCoV-2 infection. Effective responses to the pandemic require the development of efficient applications, methods, and algorithms for data analysis and reasoning.
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ANNUAL REVIEW OF MEDICINE, VOL 66
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