Prognostic Role of sST2 in Acute Heart Failure and COVID-19 Infection-A Narrative Review on Pathophysiology and Clinical Prospective

The importance of cardiovascular biomarkers in clinical practice increased dramatically in the last years, and the interest extends from the diagnosis purpose to prognostic applications and response to specific treatment. Acute heart failure, ischemic heart failure, and COVID-19 infection represent different clinical settings that are challenging in terms of the proper prognostic establishment. The aim of the present review is to establish the useful role of sST2, the soluble form of the interleukin-1 receptor superfamily (ST2), physiologically involved in the signaling of interleukin-33 (IL-33)-ST2 axis, in the clinical setting of acute heart failure (HF), ischemic heart disease, and SARS-CoV-2 acute infection. Molecular mechanisms associated with the IL33/ST2 signaling pathways are discussed in view of the clinical usefulness of biomarkers to early diagnosis, evaluation therapy to response, and prediction of adverse outcomes in cardiovascular diseases.

Automated summary

The importance of cardiovascular biomarkers in clinical practice has significantly increased, with applications ranging from diagnosis to prognostic purposes and response to treatment. This review aims to establish the role of sST2, the soluble form of the interleukin-1 receptor superfamily (ST2), in the clinical setting of acute heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and SARS-CoV-2 infection. The molecular mechanisms associated with the IL33/ST2 signaling pathways are discussed in relation to the clinical usefulness of biomarkers in early diagnosis, treatment evaluation, and prediction of adverse outcomes in cardiovascular diseases.