The Relevance of Crystal Forms in the Pharmaceutical Field: Sword of Damocles or Innovation Tools?

This review is aimed to provide to an educated but non-expert readership and an overview of the scientific, commercial, and ethical importance of investigating the crystalline forms (polymorphs, hydrates, and co-crystals) of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). The existence of multiple crystal forms of an API is relevant not only for the selection of the best solid material to carry through the various stages of drug development, including the choice of dosage and of excipients suitable for drug development and marketing, but also in terms of intellectual property protection and/or extension. This is because the physico-chemical properties, such as solubility, dissolution rate, thermal stability, processability, etc., of the solid API may depend, sometimes dramatically, on the crystal form, with important implications on the drug's ultimate efficacy. This review will recount how the scientific community and the pharmaceutical industry learned from the catastrophic consequences of the appearance of new, more stable, and unsuspected crystal forms. The relevant aspects of hydrates, the most common pharmaceutical solid solvates, and of co-crystals, the association of two or more solid components in the same crystalline materials, will also be discussed. Examples will be provided of how to tackle multiple crystal forms with screening protocols and theoretical approaches, and ultimately how to turn into discovery and innovation the purposed preparation of new crystalline forms of an API.

Automated summary

This review provides an overview of the scientific, commercial, and ethical importance of investigating the crystalline forms of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and their implications on drug development and intellectual property protection. It discusses the significance of multiple crystal forms and their impact on physico-chemical properties of the API. The review also highlights the importance of understanding hydrates and co-crystals and provides examples of screening protocols and theoretical approaches to tackle multiple crystal forms.