4.5 Article

Detection of the Freshness of Kiwifruit With a TD-GC-MS and a Gas-Sensing Array Based on the Surface-Acoustic-Wave Technique

Journal

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOBIOSCIENCE
Volume 21, Issue 3, Pages 363-369

Publisher

IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TNB.2021.3094505

Keywords

Surface acoustic waves; Sensors; Gas detectors; Polymers; Substrates; Temperature sensors; Heating systems; Surface acoustic wave; gas sensing array; and freshness of kiwi fruit

Funding

  1. Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan [MOST 109-2321-B-866-003and, MOST 105-2221-E-007-062-MY3]

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An electronic-nose system based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) was used to measure the freshness of kiwifruit by analyzing the frequency shift caused by different polymers. The research proved that discrimination is feasible from an unripe stage to a ripe stage and from a ripe stage to an over-ripe stage.
An electronic nose is an arrayed gas sensor mimicking the human olfactory system that can analyze and identify a flavour on collecting an odour from an environment. In our experiments, an electronic-nose system based on a surface acoustic wave (SAW) was used to measure the freshness of kiwifruit. 128 degrees YX-LiNbO3 acted as a piezoelectric material; Au was deposited as an electrode and sensing area. With a polymer coating of various types on the sensing area and a connection to an oscillator circuit, a 113-114 MHz SAW was obtained. Depending on the properties of varied polymers, the frequency shift varied due to absorbed volatile organic compounds (VOC). In this way, with four surface-acoustic-wave sensors coated with varied polymers we built a kiwi-flavour database according to results from a TD-GC-MS system. When the concentration of esters increased, the kiwifruit began to ripen, accompanied by increased concentrations and types of VOC. As a result, polystyrene (PS) and fluoropolymer (CYTOP) polymers, which played the role of sensing materials, served as major materials to determine the ester aroma profile. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone (PNVP) were used to trap the alcohols and acids during a kiwifruit ripening period. This research proved that discrimination of differences is feasible from an unripe stage to a ripe stage and from a ripe stage to an over-ripe stage.

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