Journal
FOOD CHEMISTRY
Volume 385, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132678
Keywords
Milk analysis; Milk adulteration detection; Chemometrics; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Funding
- FAPESC (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa e Inovacao do Estado de Santa Catarina) [2019TR583]
- CAPES (Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior)
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This study demonstrates the applicability of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in identifying urea adulteration in milk, and provides a specific method for its application.
This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to identify raw bovine milk adulteration with urea. Three batches of raw milk adulterated with urea were studied. Hierarchical clustering indicated that the samples could be split in three groups corresponding to low adulteration (less than 7 wt %), medium adulteration (between 8 and 16 wt%) and high adulteration (over than 16 wt%). A linear discriminant analysis was performed resulting in 90% of accuracy in classifying between groups. Besides, a partial least squares model containing three directions provided good accuracy in quantitatively predicting the urea mass fraction added to raw bovine milk. Finally, calculations using an approximated electric circuit model suggested the formation of urea aggregates that hinder charge transportation within the milk thus diminishing the solution conductivity. Results indicate that electrochemical impedance spectroscopy can be a useful, low cost and rapid tool to identify milk adulteration with urea.
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