Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Volume 71, Issue 3, Pages 551-564Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01687-8
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A wide range of actors are involved in the movement to democratize energy systems, but many energy democracy concepts are diluted or abandoned in the collaborative governance process of energy system transitions. Case studies reveal that actors championing energy democracy principles have a significant role in the early stages of collaborative energy transition governance, but as the process progresses, participation tends to be restricted. Institutional embedding of participative facilitation and consensus building is necessary to maintain energy democracy principles.
A wide range of actors are seeking to democratize energy systems. In the collaborative governance process of energy system transitions to net zero, however, many energy democracy concepts are watered down or abandoned entirely. Using five renewable energy case studies, we first explore the diversity of energy democratizing system challengers and bottom-up actors. Secondly, we analyze the role of conflict and challenges arising from the subsequent collaborative governance process and identify what appear to be blind spots in the CG literature. Our case studies on Berlin (GER), Jena (GER), Kalmar (SWE), Minneapolis (US) and Southeast England (UK) include different types of policy processes and actors. They suggest that actors championing energy democracy principles play an important role in opening participation in the early stages of collaborative energy transition governance. As collaborative governance progresses, participation tends to be increasingly restricted. We conclude that collaborative processes by themselves are insufficient in maintaining energy democracy principles in the energy transition. These require institutional embedding of participative facilitation and consensus building. The Kalmar case study as our only successful example of energy democracy suggests that a more intermediated and service-oriented approach to energy provision can create a business case for democratizing energy provision through collaborative governance.
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