Journal
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Volume 31, Issue 6, Pages 1035-1043Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02570-2
Keywords
Emerging pollutants; Chloroquine; Chemical mixtures; Synergistic effect; Aquatic invertebrates; Aquatic toxicology
Categories
Funding
- institutional (ICML, UNAM) project titled Biogeoquimica de los nutrientes y oligoelementos en sistemas acuaticos: acumulacion, distribucion, transferencia, efectos y ciclaje (year 2020)
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This study evaluated the toxicity of chloroquine (CQ) alone and in combination with copper (Cu) to Proales similis and found that these combined chemicals may have potential hazards on aquatic systems.
Chloroquine (CQ) has been widely used for many years against malaria and various viral diseases. Its important use and high potential to being persistent make it of particular concern for ecotoxicological studies. Here, we evaluated the toxicity of CQ alone and in combination with copper (Cu) to the euryhaline rotifer Proales similis. All experiments were carried out using chronic toxicity reproductive five-day tests and an application factor (AF) of 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 by multiplying the 24-h LC50 values of CQ (4250 mu g/L) and Cu (68 mu g/L), which were administered in solution. The rate of population increase (r, d(-1)) ranged from 0.50 to 52 (controls); 0.20 to 0.40 (CQ); 0.09 to 0.43 (Cu); and -0.03 to 0.30 (CQ-Cu) and showed significant decrease as the concentration of both chemicals in the medium increased. Almost all tested mixtures induced synergistic effects, mainly as the AF increased. We found that the presence of Cu intensifies the vulnerability of organisms to CQ and vice versa. These results stress the potential hazard that these combined chemicals may have on the aquatic systems. This research suggests that P. similis is sensitive to CQ as other standardized zooplankton species and may serve as a potential test species in the risk assessment of emerging pollutants in marine environments.
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