Journal
DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS
Volume 127, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA
DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2022.109199
Keywords
Activated carbon; Low rank coal; Box Behnken Design; Microwave activation; Methylene Blue
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Funding
- Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) , Malaysia [FRGS/1/2019/TK02/UiTM/02/15]
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This research upgraded Malaysian low rank coal into mesoporous activated carbon via microwave-assisted H3PO4 activation, achieving high surface area and excellent adsorption performance for methylene blue dye.
This research aims to upgrade Malaysian low rank coal namely Merit Kapit (MK) into mesoporous activated carbon (MKAC) via fast and convenient microwave-assisted H3PO4 activation. The best activation conditions for MKAC were observed at 1:2 (MK to H3PO4) impregnation ratio, radiation power 600 W, and radiation time 20 min. These optimum activation conditions are responsible for producing a mesoporous structure of MKAC with an increase of ca. 848.7 folds (specific surface area (BET) of MKAC = 848.7 m2/g) as compared with natural MK without thermal modification (specific surface area (BET) of MKAC = 1.00 m2/g). The adsorptive performance of MKAC towards the removal of methylene blue dye (MB) was statistically optimized by using Box Behnken Design (BBD). The BBD results indicate the best removal (86.6 %) of 50 mg/L MB can be achieved at the following optimum adsorption conditions; MKAC dose = 0.06 g, solution pH = 7, and process time = 50 min. The adsorption process of MB by MKAC was well described by Freundlich isotherm model and second-order kinetic, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 186.4 mg/g at 25 degrees C +/- 2. Thus, several types of interactions such as electrostatic interaction, H-bonding, and pi-pi interaction are responsible for capturing MB onto MKAC surface.
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