Journal
CURRENT OPINION IN HEMATOLOGY
Volume 29, Issue 5, Pages 266-274Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000730
Keywords
coagulation; extracellular vesicles; thrombosis; tissue factor
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [1R35HL155657]
- John C. Parker Professorship
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This review evaluates different methods for measuring tissue factor (TF) levels in plasma and extracellular vesicles (EVs). TF+ EVs in blood are increased in various diseases and are associated with thrombosis. Sensitivity is crucial for detecting the low levels of TF+ EVs in blood. The results indicate that measuring TF activity in EVs isolated from plasma using functional assays is more sensitive than antigen-based assays.
Purpose of review This review evaluates the different methods used to measure levels of tissue factor (TF) in plasma and on extracellular vesicles (EVs). Levels of TF-positive (TF+) EVs in blood are increased in a variety of diseases, such as cancer, sepsis, and viral infection, and are associated with thrombosis. Highly sensitive assays are required to measure the low levels of TF+ EVs in blood. Recent findings TF antigen levels in plasma have been measured using standard ELISAs, SimpleStep ELISA technology, and solid-phase proximity ligation assay. Some studies reported the detection of TF+ EVs in plasma by flow cytometry. In addition, TF+ EVs can be captured onto beads and chips using anti-TF antibodies. Several assays have been developed to measure TF activity in EVs isolated from plasma. Importantly, activity-based assays are more sensitive than antigen-based assays as a single TF/FVIIa complex can generate large amounts of FXa. We recommend isolating EVs from plasma and measuring TF activity using a functional assay in the presence and absence of an anti-TF antibody. We do not recommend using antigen-based assays as these are not sensitive enough to detect the low levels of TF in plasma.
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