Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 299, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134448
Keywords
POCIS; o-DGT; Chemcatcher; Polar emerging contaminant; Mass spectrometry; Seawater monitoring
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Emerging Contaminants (ECs) in marine waters, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, are of growing concern for the environment and human health. The low concentration levels and possible matrix interferences make their measurement in seawater challenging. Mass spectrometry combined with chromatographic techniques is the preferred method for studying seawater ECs due to its sensitivity and versatility. Passive sampling is a powerful approach for sample collection and pre-treatment. This review discusses the use of passive sampling coupled with mass spectrometry for studying polar ECs in seawater and argues for the combination of passive sampling with high resolution mass spectrometry for improved assessment.
Emerging Contaminants (ECs) in marine waters include different classes of compounds, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, showing emerging concern related to the environment and human health. Their measurement in seawater is challenging mainly due to the low concentration levels and the possible matrix interferences. Mass spectrometry combined with chromatographic techniques represents the method of choice to study seawater ECs, due to its sensitivity and versatility. Nevertheless, these instrumental techniques have to be preceded by suitable sample collection and pre-treatment: passive sampling represents a powerful approach in this regard. The present review compiles the existing occurrence studies on passive sampling coupled to mass spectrometry for the monitoring of polar ECs in seawater and discusses the availability of calibration data that enabled quantitative estimations. A vast majority of the published studies carried out during the last two decades describe the use of integrative samplers, while applications of equilibrium samplers represent approximately 10%. The polar Chemcatcher was the first applied to marine waters, while the more sensitive Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler rapidly became the most widely employed passive sampler. The organic Diffusive Gradients in Thin film technology is a recently introduced and promising device, due to its more reliable sampling rates. The best passive sampler selection for the monitoring of ECs in the marine environment as well as future research and development needs in this area are further discussed. On the instrumental side, combining passive sampling with high resolution mass spectrometry to better assess polar ECs is strongly advocated, despite the current challenges associated.
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