Journal
CHEMICAL REVIEWS
Volume -, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00955
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Funding
- Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research [2019B030302007]
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2017YFA0206600, 2019YFA0705900]
- MOST
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51903095]
- Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province [2021A1515010959]
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2019M662906]
- APRC Grant of the City University of Hong Kong [9380086]
- Office of Naval Research [N00014-20-1-2191]
- GRF grant [11307621, C6023-19GF]
- Research Grants Council of Hong Kong
- Innovation Technology Fund
- Guangdong - Hong Kong - Macao Joint Laboratory of Opto-electronic and Magnetic Functional Materials
- Hong Kong Research Grant Council for the GRF
- University of Hong Kong
- [GHP/018/20SZ]
- [2019B121205002]
- [16302520]
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Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have undergone three stages of development, including optimizing bulk heterojunctions, improving donor-acceptor match, and developing non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). NFAs have resulted in higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) surpassing 15% due to reduced energy losses and increased quantum efficiencies. The review provides an update on recent progress in OPV technology, including novel NFAs and donors, understanding structure-property relationships, and commercialization challenges.
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have progressed steadily through three stages of photoactive materials development: (i) use of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and fullerene-based acceptors (FAs) for optimizing bulk heterojunctions; (ii) development of new donors to better match with FAs; (iii) development of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). The development and application of NFAs with an A-D-A configuration (where A = acceptor and D = donor) has enabled devices to have efficient charge generation and small energy losses (Eloss < 0.6 eV), resulting in substantially higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) than FA-based devices. The discovery of Y6-type acceptors (Y6 = 2,2'-((2Z,2'Z)-((12,13-bis (2-ethylhexyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]-thiadiazolo [3,4-e]-thieno- [2 ,3 :4',5']thieno-[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo-[3,2-g]thieno-[2',3':4,5]thieno-[3,2-b]indole-2,10- diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))-dimalononitrile) with an A-DA' D-A configuration has further propelled the PCEs to go beyond 15% due to smaller Eloss values (& SIM;0.5 eV) and higher external quantum efficiencies. Subsequently, the PCEs of Y6-series single-junction devices have increased to > 19% and may soon approach 20%. This review provides an update of recent progress of OPV in the following aspects: developments of novel NFAs and donors, understanding of the structure-property relationships and underlying mechanisms of state-of-the-art OPVs, and tasks underpinning the commercialization of OPVs, such as device stability, module development, potential applications, and high-throughput manufacturing. Finally, an outlook and prospects section summarizes the remaining challenges for the further development of OPV technology.
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