Ultralow-frequency seismic sounding of railway subgrade state by passing trains

The degradation of the railway subgrade is a common cause for train accidents in Russia because of the extensive railway system and large areas of weak soils. We present a seismic monitoring technique that utilizes moving trains as signal sources to probe the properties of the subgrade. The broadband (periods up to 100 s) seismic sensors recorded signals over several weeks during a nonstop monitoring experiment. The large statistic allows us to identify the signals properties, and thus these signals are processed by an automated system. We defined the parameters of the low-frequency signal generated by a passing train that are sensitive to changes in the subgrade state. These are the ratio of amplitudes of horizontal components, and the time interval between the end of the train passage and the maximum amplitude surge in the component transversal to rails. We propose an analytical model to describe the interaction between a moving train and the subgrade that takes into consideration the viscosity of a substrate layer. The application of this model produces a consistent explanation of processes in the media and enables an in situ estimation of soil elasticity and viscosity, caused by seasonal thawing.

Automated summary

The degradation of railway subgrade in Russia is a common cause of train accidents due to the extensive railway system and weak soil conditions. In this study, a seismic monitoring technique utilizing moving trains as signal sources was introduced to probe the properties of the subgrade. By processing and analyzing the recorded signals from seismic sensors, the sensitive parameters of low-frequency signals generated by passing trains were identified, providing insights into changes in the subgrade state. Furthermore, an analytical model considering the viscosity of the substrate layer was proposed to describe the interaction between moving trains and the subgrade, allowing for an estimation of soil elasticity and viscosity caused by seasonal thawing.