Not functional yet a difference maker: junk DNA as a case study

It is often thought that non-junk or coding DNA is more significant than other cellular elements, including so-called junk DNA. This is for two main reasons: (1) because coding DNA is often targeted by historical or current selection, it is considered functionally special and (2) because its mode of action is uniquely specific amongst the other actual difference makers in the cell, it is considered causally special. Here, we challenge both these presumptions. With respect to function, we argue that there is previously unappreciated reason to think that junk DNA is significant, since it can alter the cellular environment, and those alterations can influence how organism-level selection operates. With respect to causality, we argue that there is again reason to think that junk DNA is significant, since it too (like coding DNA) is remarkably causally specific (in Waters', in J Philos 104:551-579, 2007 sense). As a result, something is missing from the received view of significance in molecular biology-a view which emphasizes specificity and neglects something we term 'reach'. With the special case of junk DNA in mind, we explore how to model and understand the causal specificity, reach, and corresponding efficacy of difference makers in biology. The account contains implications for how evolution shapes the genome, as well as advances our understanding of multi-level selection.

Automated summary

The significance of non-junk or coding DNA is often considered higher than junk DNA. However, this article challenges this belief by arguing that junk DNA is important because it can alter the cellular environment and impact organism-level selection. It also points out that junk DNA, like coding DNA, has causal specificity.