What helps to form a healthy nutrition habit? Daily associations of intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy with automaticity

Background:High automaticity in healthy nutrition behaviors is related to long-term maintenance of these behaviors. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks of habit formation, proposed antecedents such as intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy are important correlates of automaticity, but not much is known about their day-by-day relationships with automaticity in healthy nutrition behaviors. This study tested previous-day withinperson (i.e., from one day to the next) and same-day within-person associations of intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy with automaticity of a healthy nutrition behavior, for which participants attempted to form a new habit. Methods:Secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial with two planning intervention conditions including a longitudinal sample of n = 135 participants (age: M = 24.82 years; SD = 7.27) are reported. Participants formed a plan on a self-selected healthy nutrition behavior to become a new habit and were followed up over 12 weeks assessing daily levels of plan-specific intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, self-efficacy, and automaticity. Lagged multilevel models with 84 study days nested in participants estimated previous-day withinperson, same-day within-person, and between-person relationships of intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy with automaticity. Findings: Regarding within-level relationships, higher-than-usual levels of intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy of the same day but not of the previous day were associated with higher within-person automaticity. With respect to between-level relationships, higher between-levels (i.e., higher person mean levels across the study period) of intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy were linked with higher automaticity. Discussion:Findings point towards the potential to intervene on intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and selfefficacy when aiming to promote a new healthy nutrition habit.

Automated summary

This study examined the relationships between intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, self-efficacy, and automaticity in healthy nutrition behaviors. The findings showed that higher levels of intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy on the same day were associated with higher within-person automaticity, and higher person mean levels of these factors were linked with higher automaticity.