Journal
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
Volume 112, Issue -, Pages 4741-4748Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.102
Keywords
Water footprint assessment; Wastewater treatment plants; Wastewater; Grey water footprint
Categories
Funding
- Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [PCIN-2013-074]
- European Union [PCIG9-GA-2011-293535, 289193]
- Catalan Government [2015FI_B2 00071]
- EU [PCIG9-GA-2011-293535]
- Ramon y Cajal Grant from Spanish Government [RYC-2013-14595]
- Economy and Knowledge Department of the Catalan Government through the Consolidated Research Group - Catalan Institute for Water Research [2014-SGR-291]
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Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play an important role within the urban water cycle in protecting receiving waters from untreated discharges. However, WWTPs processes also affect the environment. Life cycle assessment has traditionally been used to assess the impact of direct discharges from WWTPs and indirect emissions related to energy or chemical production. The water footprint (WF) can provide complementary information to evaluate the impact of a WWTP regarding the use of freshwater. This paper presents the adoption of the Water Footprint Assessment methodology to assess the consumption of water resources in WWTPs by considering both blue and grey WFs. The usefulness of the proposed methodology in assessing the environmental impact and the benefits from WWTP discharge to a river is illustrated with an actual WWTP, which treats 4,000 m(3).d(-1), using three scenarios: no treatment, secondary treatment and phosphorus removal. A reduction of the water footprint by 51.5% and 72.4% was achieved using secondary treatment and chemical phosphorus removal, respectively, to fulfill the legal limits. These results indicate that when treating wastewater, there is a large decrease in the grey water footprint compared with the no-treatment scenario; however, there is a small blue water footprint. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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