From fallacies to semi-fake news: Improving the identification of misinformation triggers across digital media

This study tackles the fake news phenomenon during the pandemic from a critical thinking perspective. It addresses the lack of systematic criteria by which to fact-check the grey area of misinformation. As a preliminary step, drawing from fallacy theory, we define what type of fake news convey misinformation. Through a data data driven approach, we then identify 10 fallacious strategies which flag misinformation and we provide a deterministic analysis method by which to recognize them. An annotation study of over 220 news articles about COVID-19 fact-checked by Snopes shows that (i) the strategies work as indicators of misinformation (ii) they are related to digital media affordances (iii) and they can be used as the backbone of more informative fact-checkers' ratings. The results of this study are meant to help citizens to become their own fact-checkers through critical thinking and digital activism.

Automated summary

This study examines the phenomenon of fake news during the pandemic through the lens of critical thinking. It addresses the lack of systematic criteria for fact-checking misinformation in the gray area. By drawing from fallacy theory, the study identifies 10 fallacious strategies that flag misinformation and provides a deterministic analysis method for recognizing them.