Journal
JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM
Volume 37, Issue 6, Pages 2112-2124Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
DOI: 10.1177/0271678X16661202
Keywords
Metabolism; lactate; stroke; astrocytes; cerebrospinal fluid; glymphatic system
Categories
Funding
- NIH/NINDS [NS078167, NS078304, R56 NS086924, R21 AG050212]
- Novo Nordisk Foundation
- Lundbeckfonden
- Novo Nordisk Fonden [NNF13OC0004258] Funding Source: researchfish
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Brain lactate concentration is higher during wakefulness than in sleep. However, it is unknown why arousal is linked to an increase in brain lactate and why lactate declines within minutes of sleep. Here, we show that the glymphatic system is responsible for state-dependent changes in brain lactate concentration. Suppression of glymphatic function via acetazolamide treatment, cisterna magna puncture, aquaporin 4 deletion, or changes in body position reduced the decline in brain lactate normally observed when awake mice transition into sleep or anesthesia. Concurrently, the same manipulations diminished accumulation of lactate in cervical, but not in inguinal lymph nodes when mice were anesthetized. Thus, our study suggests that brain lactate is an excellent biomarker of the sleep-wake cycle and increases further during sleep deprivation, because brain lactate is inversely correlated with glymphatic-lymphatic clearance. This analysis provides fundamental new insight into brain energy metabolism by demonstrating that glucose that is not fully oxidized can be exported as lactate via glymphatic-lymphatic fluid transport.
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