Photocatalytic removal of tetracycline by a Z-scheme heterojunction of bismuth oxyiodide/exfoliated g-C3N4: performance, mechanism, and degradation pathway

Antibiotics, once being released into the environment, become recalcitrant organic pollutants, which pose a potential risk to ecological balance and human health. In this study, a Z-scheme heterojunction of bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI)/exfoliated g-C3N4 (BiOI/ECN hereafter) was synthesized by the combination of thermal exfoliation of g-C3N4 and chemical precipitation of BiOI for efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline in aqueous solutions under visible light irradiation. The optimized BiOI/ECN delivered an outstanding degradation rate at circa 0.0705 min(-1), which was 10 times higher than that of the bulk g-C3N4. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of tetracycline remained almost unchanged in a pH range of 3-11, and the BiOI/ECNI displayed an excellent photostability upon recycled usage. The photocatalytic mechanism of tetracycline was ascribed to the main reactive oxidation species of photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals. In addition, the possible degradation pathways of tetracycline were investigated by HPLC-MS to identify intermediates. The toxicity of photocatalytic-generated intermediates of tetracycline was found significantly alleviated according to the calculation of quantitative structure-activity relationship prediction. This work not only provides an attractive photocatalyst for the removal of tetracycline but also opens a new avenue for rational design of Z-scheme heterojunction composites for tetracycline degradation. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

In this study, a Z-scheme heterojunction of bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI)/exfoliated g-C3N4 (BiOI/ECN) was synthesized for efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline. The optimized BiOI/ECN showed outstanding degradation performance, and the photocatalytic mechanism was attributed to the generation of reactive oxidation species. The study also identified the degradation pathways of tetracycline and found that the toxicity of photocatalytic-generated intermediates was significantly reduced. This work provides a promising photocatalyst for antibiotic removal and offers new insights into the design of heterojunction composites.