Journal
TOXICS
Volume 10, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040164
Keywords
air pollution; Alzheimer's disease; brain; cerebellar endothelial erythrophagocytosis; endothelial dysfunction; locus coeruleus; solid nanoparticles; nuclear pore complexes; Parkinson's disease; TDP-43
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Funding
- local Program E022 at the Instituto Nacional de Pediatria in Mexico City
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The study identified various abnormal proteins and metal solid nanoparticles in the brains of children and young adults exposed to Metropolitan Mexico City pollution, suggesting potential neurodevelopmental harm. The presence of nanoparticles in noradrenergic and dopaminergic nuclei and the cerebellum may be related to neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the importance of regulating and monitoring NP emissions sources.
Quadruple aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau, beta-amyloid, alpha-synuclein and TDP-43 neuropathology and metal solid nanoparticles (NPs) are documented in the brains of children and young adults exposed to Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) pollution. We investigated environmental NPs reaching noradrenergic and dopaminergic nuclei and the cerebellum and their associated ultrastructural alterations. Here, we identify NPs in the locus coeruleus (LC), substantia nigrae (SN) and cerebellum by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) in 197 samples from 179 MMC residents, aged 25.9 +/- 9.2 years and seven older adults aged 63 +/- 14.5 years. Fe, Ti, Hg, W, Al and Zn spherical and acicular NPs were identified in the SN, LC and cerebellar neural and vascular mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, neuromelanin, heterochromatin and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) along with early and progressive neurovascular damage and cerebellar endothelial erythrophagocytosis. Strikingly, FeNPs 4 +/- 1 nm and Hg NPs 8 +/- 2 nm were seen predominantly in the LC and SN. Nanoparticles could serve as a common denominator for misfolded proteins and could play a role in altering and obstructing NPCs. The NPs/carbon monoxide correlation is potentially useful for evaluating early neurodegeneration risk in urbanites. Early life NP exposures pose high risk to brains for development of lethal neurologic outcomes. NP emissions sources ought to be clearly recognized, regulated, and monitored; future generations are at stake.
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