Journal
BIOMEDICINES
Volume 10, Issue 5, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051181
Keywords
immune checkpoint inhibitor; anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy; liquid biopsy; biomarker; PD-1; PD-L1; circulating tumor cells; circulating immune cells; exosomal PD-L1; plasma PD-L1
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Funding
- U.S. Department of Energy
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Office of the Chief Scientist, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality Center of Excellence (COE) in Immunology, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
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This review discusses the potential of using patient blood samples to assess immunotherapeutic responsiveness as a promising approach to identify novel biomarkers for anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy. It also highlights the challenges and progress in using PD-L1 as a biomarker for anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy.
While promising, PD-L1 expression on tumor tissues as assessed by immunohistochemistry has been shown to be an imperfect biomarker that only applies to a limited number of cancers, whereas many patients with PD-L1-negative tumors still respond to anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy. Recent studies using patient blood samples to assess immunotherapeutic responsiveness suggests a promising approach to the identification of novel and/or improved biomarkers for anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the advances in our evolving understanding of the regulation and function of PD-L1 expression, which is the foundation for developing blood-based PD-L1 as a biomarker for anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy. We further discuss current knowledge and clinical study results for biomarker identification using PD-L1 expression on tumor and immune cells, exosomes, and soluble forms of PD-L1 in the peripheral blood. Finally, we discuss key challenges for the successful development of the potential use of blood-based PD-L1 as a biomarker for anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy.
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