Journal
ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS
Volume 45, Issue -, Pages 768-776Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.12.013
Keywords
Energy storage; Lithium-ion batteries; Closed-loop recycling; Lithium cobalt oxides; Spent cathode materials; Regeneration of degraded LiCoO2
Funding
- National Key Research and Devel-opment Program of China [2019YFA0705700]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [52072205]
- start-up funds of Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Cen-ter
- start-up funds of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Testing Technology Center of Materials and Devices of Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Kaifeng Carbon Accademy of Advanced Materials
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Traditional battery recycling processes cause environmental damage, while this research proposes a green and closed-loop strategy for recycling spent cathodes and successfully converts degraded LiCoO2 into high-voltage LiCoO2 cathode materials.
Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) is the most widely used cathode materials for smart phones and laptop batteries. With the rapid development of portable electronics, more than 100,000 tons of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are produced every year. Conventional battery recycling processes including pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes mainly aim at extracting valuable metallic components from spent LIB cathodes, which requires high temperature reduction and/or acid/alkali chemicals to destroy covalent bond in cathodes and convert them into atoms for further extraction. The former leads to high energy consumption and the latter produces a lot of wastewater, which not only increases cost, but also damages our environment. Moreover, traditional recycling starts from spent battery cathodes and ends up with lithium/cobalt salts, which is unsustainable. Herein, a different recycling strategy to directly convert degraded LiCoO2 into high-voltage LiCoO2 cathode materials was proposed, featuring a closed-loop and green procedure. The directly-converted LiCoO2 from spent cathodes exhibits excellent cyclability at 4.5 V with a high capacity retention of 97.4% after 100 cycles, even superior than pristine LiCoO2. The recovery efficiencies of lithium and cobalt reach 91.3% and 93.5%, respectively, and the energy consumption could be greatly reduced since the roasting temperature was dropped below 400 & DEG;C with the assistance of ammonium sulfate. Due to the utilization of low-cost reagents and water as the leaching agent, the potential benefit of the recovery process was estimated to reach 6.94 $/kg cell.
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