4.6 Review

Nucleic Acid Biomarkers in Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia and IgM-MGUS: Current Insights and Clinical Relevance

Journal

DIAGNOSTICS
Volume 12, Issue 4, Pages -

Publisher

MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040969

Keywords

WM; IgM-MGUS; MYD88; CXCR4; miRNA; lncRNA; cfDNA; liquid biopsy

Funding

  1. International Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia Foundation
  2. Leukemia & Lymphoma Society
  3. Fondi di Ricerca Locale, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Italy

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This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of molecular biomarkers in Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM) and IgM gammopathies, and explore their potential applications in precision medicine.
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM) is an indolent lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, characterized by the production of excess immunoglobulin M monoclonal protein. WM belongs to the spectrum of IgM gammopathies, ranging from asymptomatic IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (IgM-MGUS), through IgM-related disorders and asymptomatic WM to symptomatic WM. In recent years, its complex genomic and transcriptomic landscape has been extensively explored, hereby elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying disease onset, progression and therapy response. An increasing number of mutations, cytogenetic abnormalities, and molecular signatures have been described that have diagnostic, phenotype defining or prognostic implications. Moreover, cell-free nucleic acid biomarkers are increasingly being investigated, benefiting the patient in a minimally invasive way. This review aims to provide an extensive overview of molecular biomarkers in WM and IgM-MGUS, considering current shortcomings, as well as potential future applications in a precision medicine approach.

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