4.8 Article

Hetero-Nanonet Rechargeable Paper Batteries: Toward Ultrahigh Energy Density and Origami Foldability

Journal

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
Volume 25, Issue 38, Pages 6029-6040

Publisher

WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201502833

Keywords

1D building blocks; hetero-nanonet; origami foldability; rechargeable paper batteries; ultrahigh energy

Funding

  1. Korea Forest Research Institute [FP 0400-2007-03]
  2. Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Ministry of Science, ICT and future Planning [2015R1A2A1A01003474]
  3. Korea Forest Service [FP0400-2013-03-2015] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
  4. National Research Foundation of Korea [2015R1A2A1A01003474] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)

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Forthcoming smart energy era is in strong pursuit of full-fledged rechargeable power sources with reliable electrochemical performances and shape versatility. Here, as a naturally abundant/environmentally friendly cellulose-mediated cell architecture strategy to address this challenging issue, a new class of hetero-nanonet (HN) paper batteries based on 1D building blocks of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs)/multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) is demonstrated. The HN paper batteries consist of CNF/MWNT-intermingled heteronets embracing electrode active powders (CM electrodes) and microporous CNF separator membranes. The CNF/MWNT heteronet-mediated material/structural uniqueness enables the construction of 3D bicontinuous electron/ion transport pathways in the CM electrodes, thus facilitating electrochemical reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the metallic current collectors-free, CNF/MWNT heteronet architecture allows multiple stacking of CM electrodes in series, eventually leading to user-tailored, ultrathick (i.e., high-mass loading) electrodes far beyond those accessible with conventional battery technologies. Notably, the HN battery (multistacked LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (cathode)/multistacked graphite (anode)) provides exceptionally high-energy density (=226 Wh kg(-1) per cell at 400 W kg(-1) per cell), which surpasses the target value (=200 Wh kg(-1) at 400 W kg(-1)) of long-range (=300 miles) electric vehicle batteries. In addition, the heteronet-enabled mechanical compliance of CM electrodes, in combination with readily deformable CNF separators, allows the fabrication of paper crane batteries via origami folding technique.

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