Journal
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
Volume 9, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.882477
Keywords
ABO blood group; COVID-19; anti-A antibody; SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2)
Categories
Funding
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III [CB21/13/00051, COV20/00491]
- Junta de Castilla y Leon [18IGOF, GRS COVID 108/A/20]
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The ABO blood group has been found to play a role in COVID-19 disease, with the A blood group being more susceptible to severe symptoms while the O blood group shows protection against viral infection. The protective mechanism in the O blood group is believed to be linked to natural antibodies and ACE2 expression during senescence.
The implication of the ABO blood group in COVID-19 disease was formulated early, at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic more than 2 years ago. It has now been established that the A blood group is associated with more susceptibility and severe symptoms of COVID-19, while the O blood group shows protection against viral infection. In this review, we summarize the underlying pathophysiology of ABO blood groups and COVID-19 to explain the molecular aspects behind the protective mechanism in the O blood group. A or B antigens are not associated with a different risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection than that of other antigens. In this case, the cornerstone is natural anti-A and anti-B antibodies from the ABO system. They are capable of interfering with the S protein (SARS-CoV-2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2; host cell receptor), thereby conferring protection to patients with sufficient antibodies (O blood group). Indeed, the titers of natural antibodies and the IgG isotype (specific to the O blood group) may be determinants of susceptibility and severity. Moreover, older adults are associated with a higher risk of bad outcomes due to the lack of antibodies and the upregulation of ACE2 expression during senescence. A better understanding of the role of the molecular mechanism of ABO blood groups in COVID-19 facilitates better prognostic stratification of the disease. Furthermore, it could represent an opportunity for new therapeutic strategies.
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