Improving upper-limb and trunk kinematics by interactive gaming in individuals with chronic stroke: A single-blinded RCT

Background:Commercial gaming systems are increasingly being used for stroke rehabilitation; however, their effect on upper-limb recovery versus compensation is unknown. Objectives:We aimed to compare the effect of upper-limb rehabilitation using interactive gaming (Nintendo Wii) with dose-matched conventional therapy on elbow extension (recovery) and forward trunk motion (compensation) in individuals with chronic stroke. Secondary aims were to compare the effect on (1) clinical tests of impairment and activity, pain and effort, and (2) trajectory kinematics. We also explored arm and trunk motion (acceleration) during Wii sessions to understand how participants performed movements during Wii gaming. Methods:This single-centre, randomized controlled trial compared 12 hourly sessions over 4 weeks of upper limb Wii therapy to conventional therapy. Outcomes were evaluated at baseline and 4 weeks. The change in elbow extension and trunk motion during a reaching task was evaluated by electromagnetic sensors. Secondary outcomes were change in Fugl-Meyer assessment, Box and Block test, Action Research Arm Test, Motor Activity Log, and Stroke Impact Scale scores. Arm and trunk acceleration during Wii therapy was evaluated by using inertial sensors. A healthy control group was included for reference data. Results:Nineteen participants completed Wii therapy and 21 conventional therapy (mean [SD] time post stroke 66.4 [57.2] months). The intervention and control groups did not differ in mean change in elbow extension angle (Wii: +4.5 degrees, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1; 9.1; conventional therapy: +6.4 degrees, 95%CI 0.6; 12.2) and forward trunk position (Wii:-3.3 cm, 95%CI -6.2;-0.4]; conventional therapy:-4.1 cm, 95%CI-6.6;-1.6) (effect size: elbow, d = 0.16, p = 0.61; trunk, d = 0.13, p = 0.65). Clinical scores improved similarly but to a small extent in both groups. The amount of arm but not trunk acceleration produced during Wii sessions increased with training. Conclusions:Supervised upper-limb gaming therapy induced similar recovery of elbow extension as conventional therapy and did not enhance the development of compensatory forward trunk movement in individuals with chronic stroke. More sessions may be necessary to induce greater improvements. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01806883 (c) 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This study compared the effects of upper limb rehabilitation using interactive gaming (Nintendo Wii) and conventional therapy on individuals with chronic stroke. The results showed that Wii therapy resulted in similar recovery of elbow extension and did not enhance compensatory trunk movement. However, more sessions may be needed for greater improvements.