The Symbiotic Fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus (Moller) Singer (Agaricales, Agaricaceae) as a Target Organism to Control Leaf-Cutting Ants

Simple Summary The most used approach to control leaf-cutting ants (which cause damage in agricultural areas) is the application of synthetic chemical compounds that directly affect these insects. But another approach is the use of natural substances that attack the symbiotic fungus responsible for many aspects of the survival of the nest. In this study, we discuss the natural substances already reported in the literature to have fungicidal activity and how they could be applicable as products for the control of leaf-cutting ants. Atta and Acromyrmex are the main genera of leaf-cutting ants present in North and South America, causing extensive damage to agroforestry. Control of the ants requires high handling costs with few effective methods available to decrease the losses. The symbiosis between the leaf-cutting ants and the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus is essential for ant nest survival. Therefore, L. gongylophorus may be a key target in controlling leaf-cutting ants, since its reduction may cause an imbalance in the symbiosis necessary to maintain the nest. Among the options for natural fungal control, plant species are considered important sources of compounds belonging to several classes of natural products that show potential as antifungal agents. This review also presents studies that establish that the antagonist fungi from the Escovopsis and Trichoderma genera effectively reduce the development of L. gongylophorus. The development of nanostructured delivery systems, which have shown advantages over conventional formulations, is suggested for ant control; no commercial nanotechnology-based product has yet been developed, and this appears to be a new approach for future studies.

Automated summary

The most commonly used approach to control leaf-cutting ants is the application of synthetic chemical compounds, but natural substances that attack the symbiotic fungus responsible for the ants' survival may also be effective. This study discusses the potential use of natural substances with fungicidal activity and emphasizes the importance of the symbiosis between the ants and the fungus. Plant species are considered important sources of antifungal compounds, and certain antagonist fungi have been shown to reduce the development of the symbiotic fungus. The use of nanostructured delivery systems is suggested as a new approach for future studies on ant control.