Journal
CELLS
Volume 11, Issue 10, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/cells11101718
Keywords
SMOC1; macrophage polarization; thrombin
Categories
Funding
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [GRK 2336 TP05, 321115009, SFB 834/3 A5, 75732319, EXC 2026, 390649896]
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Macrophages polarization induced by thrombin results in an anti-inflammatory, M2-like phenotype and promotes oxLDL phagocytosis by macrophages. Secreted modular Ca2+-binding protein 1 (SMOC1) plays a vital role in thrombin-induced macrophage polarization by regulating phagocytosis and TGF-beta signaling-related genes expression.
Macrophages are plastic and heterogeneous immune cells that adapt pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes upon exposure to different stimuli. Even though there has been evidence supporting a crosstalk between coagulation and innate immunity, the way in which protein components of the hemostasis pathway influence macrophages remains unclear. We investigated the effect of thrombin on macrophage polarization. On the basis of gene expression and cytokine secretion, our results suggest that polarization with thrombin induces an anti-inflammatory, M2-like phenotype. In functional studies, thrombin polarization promoted oxLDL phagocytosis by macrophages, and conditioned medium from the same cells increased endothelial cell proliferation. There were, however, clear differences between the classical M2a polarization and the effects of thrombin on gene expression. Finally, the deletion and inactivation of secreted modular Ca2+-binding protein 1 (SMOC1) attenuated phagocytosis by thrombin-stimulated macrophages, a phenomenon revered by the addition of recombinant SMOC1. Manipulation of SMOC1 levels also had a pronounced impact on the expression of TGF-beta-signaling-related genes. Taken together, our results show that thrombin induces an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype with similarities as well as differences to the classical alternatively activated M2 polarization states, highlighting the importance of tissue levels of SMOC1 in modifying thrombin-induced macrophage polarization.
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