Journal
PHYSICAL REVIEW ACCELERATORS AND BEAMS
Volume 25, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.25.041001
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Funding
- High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider project
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This study investigates the interaction between the LHC proton beams and dust particles, which accounts for a significant amount of irregular beam loss events. By reconstructing key observables, the characteristics of beam-dust particle interactions are studied in the cryogenic arcs. The study shows that inelastic collision rates can reach high levels and result in substantial beam losses. The experimental distributions and their dependence on beam parameters can be quantitatively described by a simulation model assuming dust particles are attracted by the beam. The results provide important insights for predicting dust-induced beam losses in future runs of the High-Luminosity LHC.
The interaction of dust particles with the LHC proton beams accounts for a major fraction of irregular beam loss events observed in LHC physics operation. The events cease after a few beam revolutions because of the expulsion of dust particles from the beam once they become ionized in the transverse beam tails. Despite the transient nature of these events, the resulting beam losses can trigger beam aborts or provoke quenches of superconducting magnets. In this paper, we study the characteristics of beam-dust particle interactions in the cryogenic arcs by reconstructing key observables like nuclear collision rates, loss durations and integral losses per event. The study is based on events recorded during 6.5 TeVoperation with stored beam intensities of up to similar to 3 x 10(14) protons per beam. We show that inelastic collision rates can reach almost 10(12) collisions per second, resulting in a loss of up to similar to 1.6 x 10(8) protons per event. We demonstrate that the experimental distributions and their dependence on beam parameters can be described quantitatively by a previously developed simulation model if dust particles are assumed to be attracted by the beam. The latter finding is consistent with recent time profile studies and yields further evidence that dust particles carry a negative charge when entering the beam. We also develop different hypotheses regarding the absence of higher-loss events in the measurements, although such events are theoretically not excluded by the simulation model. The results provide grounds for predicting dust-induced beam losses in the presence of higher-intensity beams in future runs of the High-Luminosity LHC.
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