Journal
ACS SENSORS
Volume 7, Issue 5, Pages 1555-1563Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00442
Keywords
AlN piezoelectric cantilever; machine learning; plant diseases diagnosis; virtual sensor array
Funding
- National Key R&D Program of China [2018YFC0114900]
- Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China [LZ19E050002]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [NSFC 51875521, 52175552]
- Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of National Natural Science Foundation of China [51821093]
- Engineering Physics and Science Research Council of UK [EPSRC 10 EP/P018998/1]
- Royal Society U.K. [IEC/NSFC/201078]
- NSFC [IEC/NSFC/201078]
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This study proposes a virtual sensor array (VSA) based on a piezoelectric cantilever resonator with a graphene oxide sensing layer for real-time sensing of various VOCs. By using different groups of top electrodes, high amplitudes of multiple resonance peaks for the cantilever can be obtained, resulting in low limits of detection (LODs) for VOCs. With the help of machine learning algorithms, the VSA can accurately identify different types of VOCs and mixtures. Furthermore, the VSA has been successfully applied to identify emissions from healthy plants and plants with late blight.
Piezoelectric cantilever resonator is one of the most promising platforms for real-time sensing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, it has been a great challenge to eliminate the cross-sensitivity of various VOCs for these cantilever-based VOC sensors. Herein, a virtual sensor array (VSA) is proposed on the basis of a sensing layer of GO film deposited onto an AlN piezoelectric cantilever with five groups of top electrodes for identification of various VOCs. Different groups of top electrodes are applied to obtain high amplitudes of multiple resonance peaks for the cantilever, thus achieving low limits of detection (LODs) to VOCs. Frequency shifts of multiple resonant modes and changes of impedance values are taken as the responses of the proposed VSA to VOCs, and these multidimensional responses generate a unique fingerprint for each VOC. On the basis of machine learning algorithms, the proposed VSA can accurately identify different types of VOCs and mixtures with accuracies of 95.8 and 87.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the VSA has successfully been applied to identify the emissions from healthy plants and plants with late blight with an accuracy of 89%. The high levels of identifications show great potentials of the VSA for diagnosis of infectious plant diseases by detecting VOC biomarkers
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