4.6 Review

Epigenetic Regulations of Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Journal

FRONTIERS IN GENETICS
Volume 13, Issue -, Pages -

Publisher

FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.848557

Keywords

HNSCC; perineural invasion; epigenetics; oral cancer; miRNAs

Funding

  1. Ministry of Health [NV19-08-00383]
  2. RVO FNO 2018
  3. American Cancer Society
  4. National Institute of Health
  5. [RSG-21-020-01-MPC]
  6. [R01DE027809]

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Carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx are among the ten most common malignancies in human population, with prognosis determined by invasiveness and metastasis. This article reviews epigenetic changes associated with HNSCC, focusing on perineural invasion, and other factors like tobacco, alcohol, and oral microbiome.
Carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx belong among the ten most common malignancies in the human population. The prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is determined by the degree of invasiveness of the primary tumor and by the extent of metastatic spread into regional and distant lymph nodes. Moreover, the level of the perineural invasion itself associates with tumor localization, invasion's extent, and the presence of nodal metastases. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about different aspects of epigenetic changes, which can be associated with HNSCC while focusing on perineural invasion (PNI). We review epigenetic modifications of the genes involved in the PNI process in HNSCC from the omics perspective and specific epigenetic modifications in OSCC or other neurotropic cancers associated with perineural invasion. Moreover, we summarize DNA methylation status of tumor-suppressor genes, methylation and demethylation enzymes and histone post-translational modifications associated with PNI. The influence of other epigenetic factors on the HNSCC incidence and perineural invasion such as tobacco, alcohol and oral microbiome is overviewed and HPV infection is discussed as an epigenetic factor associated with OSCC and related perineural invasion. Understanding epigenetic regulations of axon growth that lead to tumorous spread or uncovering the molecular control of axon interaction with cancer tissue can help to discover new therapeutic targets for these tumors.

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