Journal
NANOMATERIALS
Volume 12, Issue 11, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nano12111797
Keywords
2D materials; MXene; toxicity; biomedicine; environmental science
Categories
Funding
- Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation [075-15-2021-709, RF-2296.61321X0037]
- Russian Science Foundation [21-74-20004]
- Russian Science Foundation [21-74-20004] Funding Source: Russian Science Foundation
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This article provides an overview of the potential applications of MXenes as two-dimensional composite materials in the field of medicine and discusses their toxicity and possible mechanisms. The authors identify existing barriers to objective understanding of MXenes toxicity and propose key areas for further research.
MXenes are a family of two-dimensional (2D) composite materials based on transition metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides that have been attracting attention since 2011. Combination of electrical and mechanical properties with hydrophilicity makes them promising materials for biomedical applications. This review briefly discusses methods for the synthesis of MXenes, their potential applications in medicine, ranging from sensors and antibacterial agents to targeted drug delivery, cancer photo/chemotherapy, tissue engineering, bioimaging, and environmental applications such as sensors and adsorbents. We focus on in vitro and in vivo toxicity and possible mechanisms. We discuss the toxicity analogies of MXenes and other 2D materials such as graphene, mentioning the greater biocompatibility of MXenes. We identify existing barriers that hinder the formation of objective knowledge about the toxicity of MXenes. The most important of these barriers are the differences in the methods of synthesis of MXenes, their composition and structure, including the level of oxidation, the number of layers and flake size; functionalization, test concentrations, duration of exposure, and individual characteristics of biological test objects Finally, we discuss key areas for further research that need to involve new methods of nanotoxicology, including predictive computational methods. Such studies will bring closer the prospect of widespread industrial production and safe use of MXene-based products.
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