Triiron Tetrairon Phosphate (Fe7(PO4)6) Nanomaterials Enhanced Flavonoid Accumulation in Tomato Fruits

Flavonoids contribute to fruit sensorial and nutritional quality. They are also highly beneficial for human health and can effectively prevent several chronic diseases. There is increasing interest in developing alternative food sources rich in flavonoids, and nano-enabled agriculture provides the prospect for solving this action. In this study, triiron tetrairon phosphate (Fe-7(PO4)(6)) nanomaterials (NMs) were synthesized and amended in soils to enhance flavonoids accumulation in tomato fruits. 50 mg kg(-1) of Fe-7(PO4)(6) NMs was the optimal dose based on its outstanding performance on promoting tomato fruit flavonoids accumulation. After entering tomato roots, Fe-7(PO4)(6) NMs promoted auxin (IAA) level by 70.75 and 164.21% over Fe-EDTA and control, and then up-regulated the expression of genes related to PM H+ ATPase, leading to root proton ef-flux at 5.87 pmol cm(-2) s(-1) and rhizosphere acidification. More Mg, Fe, and Mn were thus taken up into plants. Subsequently, photosynthate was synthesized, and transported into fruits more rapidly to increase flavonoid synthesis potential. The metabolomic and transcriptomic profile in fruits further revealed that Fe-7(PO4)(6) NMs regulated sucrose metabolism, shi-kimic acid pathway, phenylalanine synthesis, and finally enhanced flavonoid biosynthesis. This study implies the potential of NMs to improve fruit quality by enhancing flavonoids synthesis and accumulation.

Automated summary

Flavonoids contribute to fruit sensorial and nutritional quality, and can effectively prevent chronic diseases. This study demonstrates that the addition of nano-enabled triiron tetrairon phosphate (Fe-7(PO4)(6)) nanomaterials (NMs) in soil enhances flavonoids accumulation in tomato fruits. Fe-7(PO4)(6) NMs promote proton efflux and rhizosphere acidification, facilitating the uptake of Mg, Fe, and Mn by plants. This leads to increased synthesis and transportation of photosynthate, resulting in enhanced flavonoid biosynthesis. The study highlights the potential of NMs in improving fruit quality by enhancing flavonoid synthesis and accumulation.