Journal
ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES
Volume 9, Issue 16, Pages -Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/admi.202200280
Keywords
3D printing; esterification; interfacial adhesion between printed cellulose layers; mechanical properties of cellulose structures; nanocellulose
Funding
- National Research Foundation of Korea through the Creative Research Initiatives Program [NRF-2015R1A3A2066301]
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This study presents a simple and economical approach to manufacture 3D structures using high concentration nanocellulose paste cross-linked with citric acid. The optimized cross-linker greatly enhances the mechanical properties and shape fidelity of the 3D-printed nanocellulose structures.
Wood-derived biopolymers such as nanocellulose are an attractive engineering material for 3D printing due to their abundance and environment-friendliness, but their processing into complex structures remains challenging. The most challenging issues in 3D printing high cellulose content structures include printability, interfacial adhesion between layers, mechanical properties, and shape fidelity. Here, a simple and economical approach is presented to manufacture 3D structures by directly extruding high concentration nanocellulose (approximate to 25.94 wt.%) paste cross-linked with different citric acid (CA) contents. The CA, a green cross-linker, is optimized in nanocellulose paste to cross-link between cellulose layers substantially. Furthermore, esterification is achieved by heating the 3D-printed structures at 140 degrees C for 20 min in a vacuum oven, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The optimum CA content in nanocellulose paste (CNC:CA:CNF = 20:2:1) exhibits the flexural strength of 82.78 +/- 2.79 MPa (128% improvement) and Young's modulus of 6.97 +/- 0.38 GPa after 3D printing followed by esterification, which is the best achievement in nanocellulose 3D printing. In addition to the high mechanical strength, the shrinkage of the esterified 3D-printed structures is below 9%, which demonstrates their high shape fidelity without any interfacial adhesion issues.
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