Journal
WATER
Volume 14, Issue 11, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/w14111801
Keywords
ozone; advanced oxidation process; degradation by-products; contaminants of emerging concern; recalcitrant compounds; ecotoxicity assessment
Categories
Funding
- Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT-MCTECs, Portugal) [UIDB/00102/2020]
- FCT [CEECIND/01207/2018]
- FCT/MCTES [UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020+LA/P/0094/2020]
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [UIDB/00102/2020] Funding Source: FCT
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This study aims to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of ozonation treatment on increasing complexity of initial matrix, and assess ozonation efficiency using a diverse range of species in the ecotoxicological test system.
Ozonation has been used to degrade persistent water contaminants, namely, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). However, ozonation can lead to by-products that can be more toxic than the parent compounds. This work aims to assess whether the ecotoxicological effects of ozonation are modified as the initial matrix being treated increases in complexity, considering mixtures of 2, 3, 4 and 5 PPCPs. The following PPCPs were used: two parabens (metylparaben (MP) and propylparaben (PP)), paracetamol (PCT), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and carbamazepine (CBZ). The following model species were used to assess toxicity: the crustacean Daphnia magna, the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata, the macrophyte Lemna minor and the watercress Lepidium sativum. There was a trend of increased toxicity with increasing mixture complexity of the untreated samples, except for D. magna. The same was observed after ozonation with the exception of the mixture MP+PP, which showed high toxicity to all the tested species, namely 100% immobilization of D. magna. The toxicity of SMX to the primary producers decreased pronouncedly after ozonation, except for L. minor. This study highlights the importance of considering the complexity of the matrix being treated and of using an ecotoxicological test battery with a wide diversity of species for assessing ozonation efficiency.
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