Recent Advances in Autotrophic Biological Nitrogen Removal for Low Carbon Wastewater: A Review

Due to carbon source dependence, conventional biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes based on heterotrophic denitrification are suffering from great bottlenecks. The autotrophic BNR process represented by sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification (SDAD) and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) provides a viable alternative for addressing low carbon wastewater. Whether for low carbon municipal wastewater or industrial wastewater with high nitrogen, the SDAD and anammox process can be suitably positioned accordingly. Herein, the recent advances and challenges to autotrophic BNR process guided by SDAD and anammox are systematically reviewed. Specifically, the present applications and crucial operation factors were discussed in detail. Besides, the microscopic interpretation of the process was deepened in the viewpoint of functional microbial species and their physiological characteristics. Furthermore, the current limitations and some future research priorities over the applications were identified and discussed from multiple perspectives. The obtained knowledge would provide insights into the application and optimization of the autotrophic BNR process, which will contribute to the establishment of a new generation of efficient and energy-saving wastewater nitrogen removal systems.

Automated summary

This article systematically reviews the recent advances and challenges in autotrophic biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes guided by sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification (SDAD) and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). The present applications and crucial operation factors are discussed in detail. Microscopic interpretation of the process is deepened by considering functional microbial species and their physiological characteristics. The limitations and future research priorities are also identified and discussed from multiple perspectives.