Biomechanical analysis of the correlation between mid-shaft atypical femoral fracture (AFF) and axial varus deformation

Background Atypical femoral fractures (AFF) are diaphyseal fractures of the elderly that occur at the end of a minor trauma. The objective of this biomechanical study, using finite element modelling, was to evaluate the variations of the femoral diaphysis fracture indicator according to the variations of the mechanical axis of the lower limb, which can explain all the different atypical fracture types identified in the literature. Methods In order to measure variations in stress and risk factors for fracture of the femoral diaphysis, the distal end of the femur was constrained in all degrees of freedom. An axial compression load was applied to the femoral head to digitally simulate the bipodal support configuration in neutral position as well as in different axial positions in varus/valgus (- 10 degrees/10 degrees). Results The maximum stress value of Von Mises was twice as high (17.96 +/- 4.87 MPa) at a varus angle of - 10 degrees as in the neutral position. The fracture risk indicator of the femoral diaphysis varies proportionally with the absolute value of the steering angle. However, the largest simulated varus deformation (- 10 degrees) found a higher risk of diaphysis fracture indicator than in valgus (10 degrees). Conclusions Variations in the mechanical axis of the lower limb influence the stress distribution at the femur diaphysis and consequently increase the risk of AFF. The axial deformation in varus is particularly at risk of AFF. The combination of axial deformation stresses and bone fragility consequently contribute to the creation of an environment favorable to the development of AFF. Trial registration: 'retrospectively registered'.

Automated summary

This biomechanical study using finite element modelling aimed to evaluate the impact of variations in the mechanical axis of the lower limb on femoral diaphysis fracture. The results showed that varus axial deformation poses a higher risk for atypical femoral fractures (AFF). Therefore, variations in the mechanical axis of the lower limb can increase the risk of AFF.