Who Became Lonely during the COVID-19 Pandemic? An Investigation of the Socioeconomic Aspects of Loneliness in Japan

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted social and economic aspects of people's lives in different ways, causing them to experience different levels of loneliness. This study examines the extent of loneliness among men and women of various ages in Japan during the pandemic and attempts to determine the underlying causes. We used data from Hiroshima University's nationwide survey conducted before and during the pandemic in Japan. The sample consists of 3755 participants, of which 67% are men and 33% are women with an average age of 51 years (SD = 13.64). Using mean comparison tests and probit regression models, we show that loneliness is a common occurrence among the Japanese population and that a significant number of people became lonely for the first time during the pandemic. In general, loneliness was greater among younger respondents, but older people became lonelier during the pandemic. Simultaneously, we observed significant differences in loneliness across age and gender subsamples. Although depression and subjective health status contributed to loneliness, we found no single explanation for the loneliness experienced by people during the pandemic; rather, subsample analysis revealed that the causes of loneliness for each group differed. Nevertheless, we discovered that older people are at a higher risk of developing loneliness during the pandemic due to a variety of socioeconomic and behavioral factors. The findings of this study suggest that health authorities should not generalize cases of loneliness, but rather intervene individually in each group to avoid further complications.

Automated summary

The COVID-19 pandemic has different impacts on the social and economic aspects of people's lives, leading to varying levels of loneliness. This study investigates the extent of loneliness among men and women of different ages in Japan during the pandemic and explores the underlying causes. The findings show that loneliness is prevalent among the Japanese population, and a significant number of individuals experienced loneliness for the first time during the pandemic. Loneliness is generally more pronounced among younger respondents, while older people became lonelier during the pandemic. Significant differences in loneliness were observed across age and gender subgroups. While depression and subjective health status contribute to loneliness, there is no single explanation for pandemic-induced loneliness, with the causes varying among different groups. However, it was found that older people are at a higher risk of developing loneliness during the pandemic due to various socioeconomic and behavioral factors. The study suggests that health authorities should not generalize cases of loneliness but provide individual interventions tailored to each group to prevent further complications.