In vitro assessment of skin sensitization, irritability and toxicity of bacteriocins and reuterin for possible topical applications

Bacteriocins and reuterin are promising antimicrobials for application in food, veterinary, and medical sectors. In the light of their high potential for application in hand sanitizer, we investigated the skin toxicity of reuterin, microcin J25, pediocin PA-1, bactofencin A, and nisin Z in vitro using neutral red and LDH release assays on NHEK cells. We determined their skin sensitization potential using the human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). Their skin irritation potential was measured on human epidermal model EpiDerm (TM). We showed that the viability and membrane integrity of NHEK cells remained unaltered after exposure to bacteriocins and reuterin at concentrations up to 400 mu g/mL and 80 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, microcin J25 and reuterin showed no skin sensitization at concentrations up to 100 mu g/mL and 40 mg/mL, respectively, while pediocin PA-1, bactofencin A, and nisin Z caused sensitization at concentrations higher than 100 mu g/mL. Tissue viability was unaffected in presence of bacteriocins and reuterin at concentrations up to 200 mu g/mL and 40 mg/mL, respectively, which was confirmed by measuring cytokine IL-1 alpha and IL-8 levels and by histological analysis. In conclusion, the current study provides scientific evidence that some bacteriocins and reuterin, could be safely applied topically as sanitizers at recommended concentrations.

Automated summary

Some bacteriocins and reuterin can be safely applied topically as sanitizers at recommended concentrations, as they show minimal skin toxicity and sensitization effects.