Journal
NUTRIENTS
Volume 14, Issue 8, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nu14081624
Keywords
amino acids; casein; cow milk; dietary supplements; human milk; incretin; insulin; whey proteins
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Funding
- University of Padova, Italy [60A07-0391/14, DOR2291115/22]
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This study found that despite lower protein content, human milk is equally effective as cow milk in promoting insulin secretion. Differences in incretins and amino acid concentrations were not able to account for the specific potency of human milk on insulin secretion.
Human milk contains <50% less protein (casein) than cow milk, but is equally effective in insulin secretion despite lower postingestion hyperaminoacidemia. Such potency of human milk might be modulated either by incretins (glucagon-like polypeptide-1,GLP-1); glucose-inhibitory-polypeptide, GIP), and/or by milk casein content. Healthy volunteers of both sexes were fed iso-lactose loads of two low-protein milks, i.e., human [Hum] (n = 8) and casein-deprived cow milk (Cow [down arrow Cas]) (n = 10), as well as loads of two high-protein milks, i.e., cow (n = 7), and casein-added human-milk (Hum [up arrow Cas]) (n = 7). Plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, incretins and amino acid concentrations were measured for 240 '. All milks induced the same transient hyperglycemia. The early [20 '-30 '] insulin and C-peptide responses were comparable among all milk types apart from the low-protein (Cow [down arrow Cas]) milk, where they were reduced by <50% (p < 0.05 vs. others). When comparing the two high-protein milks, GLP-1 and GIP [5'-20'] responses with the (Hum [up arrow Cas]) milk were lower (by approximate to 2-3 fold, p < 0.007 and p < 0.03 respectively) than those with cow milk, whereas incretin secretion was substantially similar. Plasma amino acid increments largely reflected the milk protein content. Thus, neither casein milk content, nor incretin or amino acid concentrations, can account for the specific potency of human milk on insulin secretion, which remains as yet unresolved.
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