Journal
NUTRIENTS
Volume 14, Issue 7, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nu14071448
Keywords
25-hydroxyvitamin D; 1; 25-(OH)(2)D-3; antitumor action; breast cancer; case-control studies; colorectal cancer; cohort studies; ecological studies; epidemiological studies; randomized controlled trials; UVB; vitamin D
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Funding
- Agencia Estatal de Investigacion [PID2019-104867RB-I00/AEI]
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional [CIBERONC/CB16/12/00273]
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This paper provides a narrative review of the evidence supporting the anticancer actions of vitamin D. It discusses the findings from ecological studies, observational studies, and case-control studies, as well as the limited success of meta-analyses of cancer incidence with respect to dietary intake. The review also highlights the effects of vitamin D compounds on tumor cell proliferation, dedifferentiation, invasion, and metastasis inhibition. Overall, the available mechanistic data support the global protective action of vitamin D against several important types of cancer.
This is a narrative review of the evidence supporting vitamin D's anticancer actions. The first section reviews the findings from ecological studies of cancer with respect to indices of solar radiation, which found a reduced risk of incidence and mortality for approximately 23 types of cancer. Meta-analyses of observational studies reported the inverse correlations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] with the incidence of 12 types of cancer. Case-control studies with a 25(OH)D concentration measured near the time of cancer diagnosis are stronger than nested case-control and cohort studies as long follow-up times reduce the correlations due to changes in 25(OH)D with time. There is no evidence that undiagnosed cancer reduces 25(OH)D concentrations unless the cancer is at a very advanced stage. Meta-analyses of cancer incidence with respect to dietary intake have had limited success due to the low amount of vitamin D in most diets. An analysis of 25(OH)D-cancer incidence rates suggests that achieving 80 ng/mL vs. 10 ng/mL would reduce cancer incidence rates by 70 +/- 10%. Clinical trials have provided limited support for the UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis due to poor design and execution. In recent decades, many experimental studies in cultured cells and animal models have described a wide range of anticancer effects of vitamin D compounds. This paper will review studies showing the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, dedifferentiation, and invasion together with the sensitization to proapoptotic agents. Moreover, 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 and other vitamin D receptor agonists modulate the biology of several types of stromal cells such as fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells in a way that interferes the apparition of metastases. In sum, the available mechanistic data support the global protective action of vitamin D against several important types of cancer.
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