Sex-dependent influence of maternal predictors on fetal anthropometry in pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus

Background Third trimester fetal anthropometric parameters are known to predict neonatal complications. A better understanding of predictors of adverse fetal parameters might help to personalize the use and frequency of fetal ultrasound. The objectives of this study were: (a) to evaluate the utility of maternal sociodemographic, anthropometric and metabolic predictors to predict 3(rd) trimester fetal anthropometric parameters in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), (b) to assess whether the impact of these maternal predictors is fetal sex-dependent, and (c) to provide a risk stratification for markers of fetal overgrowth (fetal weight centile (FWC) and fetal abdominal circumference centile (FACC) depending on prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain (GWG) until the 1(st) GDM visit. Methods This prospective study included 189 women with GDM. Maternal predictors were age, ethnicity, prepregnancy BMI, GWG and excessive weight gain until the 1(st) GDM visit, fasting, 1-hour and 2-hour blood glucose oral glucose tolerance test values, HbA1c at the 1(st) visit and medical treatment requirement. Fetal outcomes included FWC, FWC >90% and <10%, FACC, FACC >90% and <10%, at 29 0/7 to 35 6/7 weeks of gestational age. We performed univariate and multivariate regression analyses and probability analyses. Results In multivariate analyses, prepregnancy BMI was associated with FWC, FWC > 90% and FACC. GWG until the 1(st) GDM visit was associated with FWC, FACC and FACC > 90% (all p <= 0.045). Other maternal parameters were not significantly associated with fetal anthropometry in multivariate analyses (all p >= 0.054). In female fetuses, only GWG was associated with FACC (p= 0.044). However, in male fetuses, prepregnancy BMI was associated with FWC, FWC > 90% and FACC and GWG with FWC in multivariate analyses (all p <= 0.030). In women with a prepregnancy BMI of >= 25 kg/m(2) and a GWG until the 1(st) GDM visit >= 10.3 kg (mean GWG), the risk for FWC > 90% and FACC > 90% was 5.3 and 4 times higher than in their counterparts. Conclusions A personalized fetal ultrasound surveillance guided by fetal sex, prepregnancy BMI and GWG may be beneficial in reducing adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes.

Automated summary

This study aimed to evaluate the predictors of third trimester fetal anthropometric parameters in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and examine whether these predictors were dependent on fetal sex. The results showed that prepregnancy BMI and GWG were associated with fetal anthropometry parameters. In female fetuses, only GWG was related to fetal abdominal circumference. However, in male fetuses, prepregnancy BMI and GWG were associated with fetal weight and abdominal circumference. High prepregnancy BMI and GWG were associated with increased risk of adverse fetal outcomes.