Characterization of DBP precursor removal by magnetic ion exchange resin using spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry

The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) play an important role in the formation and speciation of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts. This study investigated changes in the characteristics and reactivity of DOM caused by the magnetic ion exchange resins, MIEX (R) DOC and MIEX (R) GOLD, using fluorescence excitation emission matrix (EEM) with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis and Orbitrap mass spectrometry (Orbitrap MS) with unknown screening analysis. A five-component PARAFAC model was developed and validated from 208 EEMs of raw and MIEX (R)-treated water samples. The two resins exhibited preferential removal of the humic-like components (67-87% removal) and successfully removed protein-like components to a lesser extent (5-61% removal). Unknown screening analysis indicated removal of most condensed aromatic structures and lignin-like features that had high O/C values and refractory characteristics of lipid-like features by MIEX (R) treatments. MIEX (R) preferentially removed DOM molecules with more oxidized and shorter CH2 chains. The two resins had similar performance in trihalomethanes formation potential removal, but MIEX (R) GOLD achieved greater haloacetonitriles formation potential removal owing to its larger pore opening. Over 100 CHOCl DBP features were commonly found in all the samples while tens of CHOCl DBPs were uniquely formed in the samples with and without pre-treatments by MIEX (R). Treatments by MIEX (R) before chlorination resulted in more intermediate CHOCl DBPs formed after chlorination compared to chlorinated raw waters. By optical spectroscopic analysis together with Orbitrap MS molecular characterization, we were able to confirm both quantitative and qualitative changes in DOM properties by MIEX (R) treatment related to DBP formation.

Automated summary

The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) have an impact on the formation of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts. This study used fluorescence and mass spectrometry analysis to investigate the effects of magnetic ion exchange resins on the characteristics and reactivity of DOM. The study found that the resins preferentially removed certain components of DOM, but had a weaker effect on other components. Treatment with the resins reduced the formation potential of disinfection byproducts. Optical and molecular analysis confirmed that the changes in DOM characteristics caused by the resin treatment were related to the formation of disinfection byproducts.