Journal
THIN SOLID FILMS
Volume 745, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA
DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2022.139117
Keywords
Titanium oxide; Anodization; Hydrothermal Soak; Apatite; Bioactivity; Osteoblast; Proliferation
Categories
Funding
- Depuy-Synthes [68104000415]
- Professional Student Training and Advanced Research Techniques (UPSTART)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center Intramural Research Sponsored Programs Activity (IRSP)
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This study investigated a two-step combination of mixed-acid electrolyte anodization and subsequent Ca(NO3)(2) hydrothermal treatment to optimize titanium specimens with favorable Ca/P surface ratios. The results showed that specimens anodized to 108 V and soaked in Ca(NO3)(2) solution exhibited favorable surface Ca/P ratios and increased apatite formation and mineralization. This two-step combination shows great promise for future biomaterials applications.
Titanium anodization in mixed-acid electrolytes containing phosphoric acid has been shown to result in phosphorus (P)-doped amorphous or crystalline titanium oxide layers. Recently, aqueous hydrothermal soak treatments have been shown to further enhance the bioactivity of titanium and titanium oxide through the addition of calcium (Ca) to the specimen surfaces. For the present study, a combination of mixed-acid electrolyte anodization and subsequent calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)(2)) hydrothermal treatments were used to create optimized titanium specimens with favorable Ca/P surface ratios. Commercially pure titanium specimens were anodized in two mixed-acid electrolytes to final forming voltages of 72 V, 108 V, or 180 V. Three specimens per group were subsequently soaked for 72 h at 80C in 1.2 M Ca(NO3)(2) solution. Energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed the Ca (NO3)(2)-soaked specimens anodized to 108 V in each electrolyte exhibited favorable surface Ca/P ratios averaging of 2.27 and 1.67. Bioactivity testing revealed increased apatite formation on 108 V Ca(NO3)(2)-soaked specimens compared to their un-soaked counterparts. Pre-osteoblast cell culture studies showed similar cellular proliferation and differentiation but increased mineralization on Ca(NO3)(2)-soaked specimens. This two-step combination of anodization and subsequent Ca(NO3)(2) hydrothermal treatments shows great promise for future biomaterials applications.
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