Examination of D-loop region and DBY gene as tools for identifying hybridisation in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) based on Polish populations

Hybridisation between alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and llamas (Lama glama) is a well-known phenomenon among alpaca breeders worldwide. Hybridisation causes poor fibre quality, which leads to economic losses. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA and the DBY gene located on chromosome Y to identify alpaca x llama hybrids. Moreover, based on these tools, the genetic diversity of alpacas in Poland was presented. We analysed the D-loop region in 235 individuals and investigated 90 pure males for the DBY gene. We generated 34 haplotypes with 446 segregation sites for the D-loop region and two haplotypes with four segregation sites for the DBY gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on the Bayesian clustering approach and a principal coordinate test showed a high level of mitochondrial DNA introgression between alpacas and llamas with a high gene flow value based on the sequence and on the haplotype data information. We found evidence of maternal line hybridisation in the D-loop region between alpacas and llamas, while this evidence was not found within the DBY gene. Moreover, the D-loop region investigation showed high levels of genetic diversity in the alpacas maintained in Poland.

Automated summary

This study examined the genetic diversity and hybridization between alpacas and llamas based on mitochondrial DNA and the DBY gene. The results showed high levels of mitochondrial DNA introgression and evidence of maternal line hybridization. However, no evidence of hybridization was found in the DBY gene. The study also revealed a high level of genetic diversity in alpacas maintained in Poland.