Loading of microplastics by two related macroalgae in a sea area where gold and green tides occur simultaneously

Macroalgae are important components of offshore ecosystems and can also cause algal blooms. Microplastics (MPs) have been found in macroalgae and exhibit interactions during algal blooms. Ulva prolifera and Sargassum horneri are common algae in the Yellow Sea in China and are also the major macroalgae that cause green and gold tides. However, the loading of MPs by S. horneri along the coast of China has not been investigated, and the loading characteristics of MPs by two related macroalgae in a sea area where gold and green tides occur simultaneously have not been reported. Because U. prolifera and S. horneri occur simultaneously in the Yellow Sea, we investigated the characteristics of MPs in U. prolifera and S. horneri at 9 stations in the Yellow Sea located along the migration paths of green and gold tides. It was found that U. prolifera exhibited a higher abundance of MPs (0.065 +/- 0.047 items/g(-1) fresh weight) and ratio of the MP abundance in macroalgae to that in seawater (R-m/R-s= 97.33) than S. horneri (0.016 +/- 0.016 items/g(-1) fresh weight, R-m/R-s = 24.56). Moreover, the MPs in U. prolifera showed increased diversity in shape, color and material than those in S. horneri, and the particle sizes in the former were also smaller. Fast-growing biomass, slender branches, hollow air sacs and soft epidermis may allow U. prolifera to load more MPs. However, these mechanisms have not been fully established and merit further study. The relationship between severe algal blooms and MP pollution should be considered.

Automated summary

The abundance and ratio of microplastics in Ulva prolifera are higher than in Sargassum horneri in the Yellow Sea. Ulva prolifera also exhibits greater diversity in shape, color, and material. The fast-growing biomass, slender branches, hollow air sacs, and soft epidermis of Ulva prolifera may contribute to its higher microplastic loading.