Exploration of defense and tolerance mechanisms in dominant species of mining area - Trifolium pratense L. upon exposure to silver

This present study investigated detoxification mechanisms of leguminous forage Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) seedlings upon exposure to Ag ions (Ag+) on an atomic level. Depressed plant growth (maximum inhibition rate: 46.57%) and significantly altered antioxidase/antioxidant substances levels (maximum inhibition rate: 65.45%/55.41%) revealed that the physiological metabolism was disturbed. Notable lesions were observed in both leaf and root cells at 588 mu M Ag+ treatment. All differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were remarkably mapped to biological metabolism related pathways. Red clover seedlings were speculated to initially transform and immobilize Ag+ in the culture medium, then transporting and fixing them inside the cell, mainly as unreduced Ag+ bound to oxygen-, nitrogen-, sulfur-, chloride-containing biological molecules. A portion of Ag+ was reduced to Ag-0 and aggregated to form crystalline argentiferous nanoparticles. Effective reducing agents such as alcohols, carboxylic acid, and etc, which are capable of coordinating heavy metals to reduce and stabilize them, were assumed to play a role in Ag+ reduction. The research results are of great value to understand the defense and tolerance mechanisms of red clover to Ag+ and explore the main existing forms of Ag+ in vivo and in vitro, which could indicate contamination condition in regional ecological environment such as mining area and its potential effects. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This study investigated the detoxification mechanisms of red clover seedlings exposed to silver ions (Ag+) and found that the growth and physiological metabolism of the plants were disturbed. The research revealed that red clover seedlings initially transformed and immobilized Ag+ in the culture medium, and then transported and fixed them inside the cells, mainly in the form of unreduced Ag+ bound to biological molecules. Additionally, some Ag+ was reduced and formed crystalline silver nanoparticles. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the defense and tolerance mechanisms of red clover to Ag+ and the existing forms of Ag+ in vivo and in vitro.