Optimization of the possible pathways for gradual energy system decarbonization

The European Union and other signatories to the Paris Climate Accord have agreed to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Previously published studies have examined the optimal energy system structure required to satisfy carbon neutrality end goals. This research focuses on addressing the intermediate steps towards decarbonization. The steps are quantified as the percentage share of renewable energy sources. The objective of the optimization is to reach a predetermined level of renewable energy and emissions, minimize curtailment of renewable energy sources, minimize system cost, and limit the use of natural resources such as biomass in the energy sector. Considered technologies in the optimization process are energy-generating capacities, demand response technologies, and energy storage. The results of such a method reflect the use of considered technologies and are displayed as a function of renewable energy share and carbon dioxide emissions level, which also represent the decarbonization timeline from 2020 to 2050. The method is carried out with the use of energy planning software EnergyPLAN and highly modified Python-based optimization software EPLANopt. The results presented in the research display the necessity for continuous implementation of variable generating capacities as well as demand response technologies, mainly vehicle to grid.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Automated summary

This study focuses on the intermediate steps towards decarbonization, exploring the optimization of energy system structure and the use of various technologies to maximize renewable energy utilization and minimize carbon emissions.